# $NetBSD: protocols,v 1.29 2017/01/16 09:39:26 hauke Exp $
# See also: protocols(5)
#
#    Last Updated
#            2015-10-06
# 
#    Available Formats
#            [IMG]
#            XML [IMG]
#            HTML [IMG]
#            Plain text
# 
#    Registry included below
# 
#      * Assigned Internet Protocol Numbers
# 
# Assigned Internet Protocol Numbers
# 
#    Registration Procedure(s)
# 
#  IESG Approval or Standards Action
# 
#    Reference
#            [RFC5237][RFC7045]
# 
#    Note
# 
#  In the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) [RFC791] there is a field
#  called "Protocol" to identify the next level protocol.  This is an 8
#  bit field.  In Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) [RFC2460], this field
#  is called the "Next Header" field.
# 
#    Note
# 
#  Values that are also IPv6 Extension Header Types should be listed in the
#  IPv6 Extension Header Types registry at [IANA registry ipv6-parameters].
# 
#    Available Formats
#            [IMG]
#            CSV
# 
#    Decimal      Keyword                 Protocol           IPv6 Extension                                 Reference
#                                                                Header
# protocol   num aliases      # comments
hopopt         0 HOPOPT       # IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option             Y        [RFC2460]
icmp           1 ICMP         # Internet Control Message                    [RFC792]
igmp           2 IGMP         # Internet Group Management                   [RFC1112]
ggp            3 GGP          # Gateway-to-Gateway                          [RFC823]
ipv4           4 IPv4         # IPv4 encapsulation                          [RFC2003]
st             5 ST           # Stream                                      [RFC1190][RFC1819]
tcp            6 TCP          # Transmission Control                        [RFC793]
cbt            7 CBT          # CBT                                         [Tony_Ballardie]
egp            8 EGP          # Exterior Gateway Protocol                   [RFC888][David_Mills]
#                               any private interior gateway
igp            9 IGP          # (used by Cisco for their                    [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
#                               IGRP)
bbn-rcc-mon   10 BBN-RCC-MON  # BBN RCC Monitoring                          [Steve_Chipman]
nvp-ii        11 NVP-II       # Network Voice Protocol                      [RFC741][Steve_Casner]
#                                                                           [Boggs, D., J. Shoch, E. Taft, and R. Metcalfe, "PUP: An Internetwork
pup           12 PUP          # PUP                                         Architecture", XEROX Palo Alto Research Center, CSL-79-10, July 1979;
#                                                                           also in IEEE Transactions on Communication, Volume COM-28, Number 4,
#                                                                           April 1980.][[XEROX]]
argus         13 ARGUS        # (deprecated) ARGUS                                       [Robert_W_Scheifler]
emcon         14 EMCON        # EMCON                                       [<mystery contact>]
xnet          15 XNET         # Cross Net Debugger                          [Haverty, J., "XNET Formats for Internet Protocol Version 4", IEN 158,
#                                                                           October 1980.][Jack_Haverty]
chaos         16 CHAOS        # Chaos                                       [J_Noel_Chiappa]
udp           17 UDP          # User Datagram                               [RFC768][Jon_Postel]
mux           18 MUX          # Multiplexing                                [Cohen, D. and J. Postel, "Multiplexing Protocol", IEN 90,
#                                                                           USC/Information Sciences Institute, May 1979.][Jon_Postel]
dcn-meas      19 DCN-MEAS     # DCN Measurement Subsystems                  [David_Mills]
hmp           20 HMP          # Host Monitoring                             [RFC869][Bob_Hinden]
prm           21 PRM          # Packet Radio Measurement                    [Zaw_Sing_Su]
#                                                                           ["The Ethernet, A Local Area Network: Data Link Layer and Physical Layer
#                                                                           Specification", AA-K759B-TK, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, MA.
#                                                                           Also as: "The Ethernet - A Local Area Network", Version 1.0, Digital
#                                                                           Equipment Corporation, Intel Corporation, Xerox Corporation, September
xns-idp       22 XNS-IDP      # XEROX NS IDP                                1980. And: "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network: Data Link Layer and
#                                                                           Physical Layer Specifications", Digital, Intel and Xerox, November 1982.
#                                                                           And: XEROX, "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network: Data Link Layer and
#                                                                           Physical Layer Specification", X3T51/80-50, Xerox Corporation, Stamford,
#                                                                           CT., October 1980.][[XEROX]]
trunk-1       23 TRUNK-1      # Trunk-1                                     [Barry_Boehm]
trunk-2       24 TRUNK-2      # Trunk-2                                     [Barry_Boehm]
leaf-1        25 LEAF-1       # Leaf-1                                      [Barry_Boehm]
leaf-2        26 LEAF-2       # Leaf-2                                      [Barry_Boehm]
rdp           27 RDP          # Reliable Data Protocol                      [RFC908][Bob_Hinden]
irtp          28 IRTP         # Internet Reliable                           [RFC938][Trudy_Miller]
#                               Transaction
iso-tp4       29 ISO-TP4      # ISO Transport Protocol Class                [RFC905][<mystery contact>]
#                               4
netblt        30 NETBLT       # Bulk Data Transfer Protocol                 [RFC969][David_Clark]
#                               MFE Network Services                        [Shuttleworth, B., "A Documentary of MFENet, a National Computer
mfe-nsp       31 MFE-NSP      # Protocol                                    Network", UCRL-52317, Lawrence Livermore Labs, Livermore, California,
#                                                                           June 1977.][Barry_Howard]
merit-inp     32 MERIT-INP    # MERIT Internodal Protocol                   [Hans_Werner_Braun]
dccp          33 DCCP         # Datagram Congestion Control                 [RFC4340]
#                               Protocol
3pc           34 3PC          # Third Party Connect Protocol                [Stuart_A_Friedberg]
idpr          35 IDPR         # Inter-Domain Policy Routing                 [Martha_Steenstrup]
#                               Protocol
xtp           36 XTP          # XTP                                         [Greg_Chesson]
ddp           37 DDP          # Datagram Delivery Protocol                  [Wesley_Craig]
idpr-cmtp     38 IDPR-CMTP    # IDPR Control Message                        [Martha_Steenstrup]
#                               Transport Proto
tp++          39 TP++         # TP++ Transport Protocol                     [Dirk_Fromhein]
il            40 IL           # IL Transport Protocol                       [Dave_Presotto]
ipv6          41 IPv6         # IPv6 encapsulation                          [RFC2473]
sdrp          42 SDRP         # Source Demand Routing                       [Deborah_Estrin]
#                               Protocol
ipv6-route    43 IPv6-Route   # Routing Header for IPv6            Y        [Steve_Deering]
ipv6-frag     44 IPv6-Frag    # Fragment Header for IPv6           Y        [Steve_Deering]
idrp          45 IDRP         # Inter-Domain Routing                        [Sue_Hares]
#                               Protocol
rsvp          46 RSVP         # Reservation Protocol                        [RFC2205][RFC3209][Bob_Braden]
gre           47 GRE          # Generic Routing                             [RFC2784][Tony_Li]
#                               Encapsulation
dsr           48 DSR          # Dynamic Source Routing                      [RFC4728]
#                               Protocol
bna           49 BNA          # BNA                                         [Gary Salamon]
esp           50 ESP          # Encap Security Payload             Y        [RFC4303]
ah            51 AH           # Authentication Header              Y        [RFC4302]
i-nlsp        52 I-NLSP       # Integrated Net Layer                        [K_Robert_Glenn]
#                               Security TUBA
swipe         53 SWIPE        # (deprecated) IP with Encryption                          [John_Ioannidis]
narp          54 NARP         # NBMA Address Resolution                     [RFC1735]
#                               Protocol
mobile        55 MOBILE       # IP Mobility                                 [Charlie_Perkins]
#                               Transport Layer Security
tlsp          56 TLSP         # Protocol using Kryptonet key                [Christer_Oberg]
#                               management
skip          57 SKIP         # SKIP                                        [Tom_Markson]
ipv6-icmp     58 IPv6-ICMP    # ICMP for IPv6                               [RFC2460]
ipv6-nonxt    59 IPv6-NoNxt   # No Next Header for IPv6                     [RFC2460]
ipv6-opts     60 IPv6-Opts    # Destination Options for IPv6       Y        [RFC2460]
#      61                       any host internal protocol                  [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
cftp          62 CFTP         # CFTP                                        [Forsdick, H., "CFTP", Network Message, Bolt Beranek and Newman, January
#                                                                           1982.][Harry_Forsdick]
#      63                       any local network                           [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
sat-expak     64 SAT-EXPAK    # SATNET and Backroom EXPAK                   [Steven_Blumenthal]
kryptolan     65 KRYPTOLAN    # Kryptolan                                   [Paul Liu]
rvd           66 RVD          # MIT Remote Virtual Disk                     [Michael_Greenwald]
#                               Protocol
ippc          67 IPPC         # Internet Pluribus Packet                    [Steven_Blumenthal]
#                               Core
#      68                       any distributed file system                 [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
sat-mon       69 SAT-MON      # SATNET Monitoring                           [Steven_Blumenthal]
visa          70 VISA         # VISA Protocol                               [Gene_Tsudik]
ipcv          71 IPCV         # Internet Packet Core Utility                [Steven_Blumenthal]
cpnx          72 CPNX         # Computer Protocol Network                   [David Mittnacht]
#                               Executive
cphb          73 CPHB         # Computer Protocol Heart Beat                [David Mittnacht]
wsn           74 WSN          # Wang Span Network                           [Victor Dafoulas]
pvp           75 PVP          # Packet Video Protocol                       [Steve_Casner]
br-sat-mon    76 BR-SAT-MON   # Backroom SATNET Monitoring                  [Steven_Blumenthal]
sun-nd        77 SUN-ND       # SUN ND PROTOCOL-Temporary                   [William_Melohn]
wb-mon        78 WB-MON       # WIDEBAND Monitoring                         [Steven_Blumenthal]
wb-expak      79 WB-EXPAK     # WIDEBAND EXPAK                              [Steven_Blumenthal]
iso-ip        80 ISO-IP       # ISO Internet Protocol                       [Marshall_T_Rose]
vmtp          81 VMTP         # VMTP                                        [Dave_Cheriton]
secure-vmtp   82 SECURE-VMTP  # SECURE-VMTP                                 [Dave_Cheriton]
vines         83 VINES        # VINES                                       [Brian Horn]
ttp           84 TTP iptm IPTM         # Transaction Transport                       [Jim_Stevens]
#                               Protocol
#iptm          84 IPTM         # Internet Protocol Traffic                   [Jim_Stevens]
#                               Manager
nsfnet-igp    85 NSFNET-IGP   # NSFNET-IGP                                  [Hans_Werner_Braun]
dgp           86 DGP          # Dissimilar Gateway Protocol                 [M/A-COM Government Systems, "Dissimilar Gateway Protocol Specification,
#                                                                           Draft Version", Contract no. CS901145, November 16, 1987.][Mike_Little]
tcf           87 TCF          # TCF                                         [Guillermo_A_Loyola]
eigrp         88 EIGRP        # EIGRP                                       [Cisco Systems, "Gateway Server Reference Manual", Manual Revision B,
#                                                                           January 10, 1988.][Guenther_Schreiner]
ospfigp       89 OSPFIGP      # OSPFIGP                                     [RFC1583][RFC2328][RFC5340][John_Moy]
#                                                                           [Welch, B., "The Sprite Remote Procedure Call System", Technical Report,
sprite-rpc    90 Sprite-RPC   # Sprite RPC Protocol                         UCB/Computer Science Dept., 86/302, University of California at Berkeley,
#                                                                           June 1986.][Bruce Willins]
larp          91 LARP         # Locus Address Resolution                    [Brian Horn]
#                               Protocol
mtp           92 MTP          # Multicast Transport Protocol                [Susie_Armstrong]
ax.25         93 AX.25        # AX.25 Frames                                [Brian_Kantor]
ipip          94 IPIP         # IP-within-IP Encapsulation                  [John_Ioannidis]
#                               Protocol
micp          95 MICP         # (deprecated)  Mobile Internetworking                      [John_Ioannidis]
#                               Control Pro.
scc-sp        96 SCC-SP       # Semaphore Communications                    [Howard_Hart]
#                               Sec. Pro.
etherip       97 ETHERIP      # Ethernet-within-IP                          [RFC3378]
#                               Encapsulation
encap         98 ENCAP        # Encapsulation Header                        [RFC1241][Robert_Woodburn]
#      99                       any private encryption                      [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
#                               scheme
gmtp         100 GMTP         # GMTP                                        [[RXB5]]
ifmp         101 IFMP         # Ipsilon Flow Management                     [Bob_Hinden][November 1995, 1997.]
#                               Protocol
pnni         102 PNNI         # PNNI over IP                                [Ross_Callon]
pim          103 PIM          # Protocol Independent                        [RFC-ietf-pim-rfc4601bis-06][Dino_Farinacci]
#                               Multicast
aris         104 ARIS         # ARIS                                        [Nancy_Feldman]
scps         105 SCPS         # SCPS                                        [Robert_Durst]
qnx          106 QNX          # QNX                                         [Michael_Hunter]
a/n          107 A/N          # Active Networks                             [Bob_Braden]
ipcomp       108 IPComp       # IP Payload Compression                      [RFC2393]
#                               Protocol
snp          109 SNP          # Sitara Networks Protocol                    [Manickam_R_Sridhar]
compaq-peer  110 Compaq-Peer  # Compaq Peer Protocol                        [Victor_Volpe]
ipx-in-ip    111 IPX-in-IP    # IPX in IP                                   [CJ_Lee]
vrrp         112 VRRP carp    # Virtual Router Redundancy                   [RFC5798]
#                               Protocol
pgm          113 PGM          # PGM Reliable Transport                      [Tony_Speakman]
#                               Protocol
#      114                      any 0-hop protocol                          [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
l2tp         115 L2TP         # Layer Two Tunneling Protocol                [RFC3931][Bernard_Aboba]
ddx          116 DDX          # D-II Data Exchange (DDX)                    [John_Worley]
iatp         117 IATP         # Interactive Agent Transfer                  [John_Murphy]
#                               Protocol
stp          118 STP          # Schedule Transfer Protocol                  [Jean_Michel_Pittet]
srp          119 SRP          # SpectraLink Radio Protocol                  [Mark_Hamilton]
uti          120 UTI          # UTI                                         [Peter_Lothberg]
smp          121 SMP          # Simple Message Protocol                     [Leif_Ekblad]
sm           122 SM           # (deprecated)    Simple Multicast Protocol                   [Jon_Crowcroft][draft-perlman-simple-multicast]
ptp          123 PTP          # Performance Transparency                    [Michael_Welzl]
#                               Protocol
isis         124 ISIS         # over IPv4                                                 [Tony_Przygienda]
fire         125 FIRE         # [Criag_Partridge]
crtp         126 CRTP         # Combat Radio Transport                      [Robert_Sautter]
#                               Protocol
crudp        127 CRUDP        # Combat Radio User Datagram                  [Robert_Sautter]
sscopmce     128 SSCOPMCE     # [Kurt_Waber]
iplt         129 IPLT         # [[Hollbach]]
sps          130 SPS          # Secure Packet Shield                        [Bill_McIntosh]
pipe         131 PIPE         # Private IP Encapsulation                    [Bernhard_Petri]
#                               within IP
sctp         132 SCTP         # Stream Control Transmission                 [Randall_R_Stewart]
#                               Protocol
fc           133 FC           # Fibre Channel                               [Murali_Rajagopal][RFC6172]
rsvp-e2e-ignore 134 RSVP-E2E-IGNORE # [RFC3175]
mobility     135 Mobility     # Header                                       Y        [RFC6275]
udplite      136 UDPLite      # [RFC3828]
mpls-in-ip   137 MPLS-in-IP   # [RFC4023]
manet        138 MANET        # MANET Protocols                             [RFC5498]
hip          139 HIP          # Host Identity Protocol             Y        [RFC7401]
shim6        140 Shim6        # Shim6 Protocol                     Y        [RFC5533]
wesp         141 WESP         # Wrapped Encapsulating                       [RFC5840]
#                               Security Payload
rohc         142 ROHC         # Robust Header Compression                   [RFC5858]
#    143-239                    Unassigned                                  [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
pfsync       240 PFSYNC       # PF Synchronization
#    241-252                    Unassigned                                  [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
#      253                      Use for experimentation and        Y        [RFC3692]
#                               testing
#      254                      Use for experimentation and        Y        [RFC3692]
#                               testing
reserved     255 Reserved     # [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority]
# 
#                                                                         People
# 
#                     ID                                  Name                                   Contact URI                   Last Updated
#    [Barry_Boehm]                         Barry Boehm                         mailto:boehm&arpa.mil
#    [Barry_Howard]                        Barry Howard                        mailto:Howard&nmfecc.llnl.gov
#    [Bernard_Aboba]                       Bernard Aboba                       mailto:bernarda&microsoft.com                   1998-04
#    [Bernhard_Petri]                      Bernhard Petri                      mailto:bernhard.petri&siemens.com               2012-07-09
#    [Bill_McIntosh]                       Bill McIntosh                       mailto:BMcIntosh&fortresstech.com
#    [Bob_Braden]                          Bob Braden                          mailto:braden&isi.edu                           1997-07
#    [Bob_Hinden]                          Bob Hinden                          mailto:bob.hinden&gmail.com                     2013-02-17
#    [Brian_Kantor]                        Brian Kantor                        mailto:brian&ucsd.edu
#    [CJ_Lee]                              CJ Lee                              mailto:cj_lee&novell.com                        1997-10
#    [Charlie_Perkins]                     Charlie Perkins                     mailto:perk&watson.ibm.com                      1994-10
#    [Christer_Oberg]                      Christer Oberg                      mailto:chg&bull.se                              1994-10
#    [Criag_Partridge]                     Criag Partridge                     mailto:craig&bbn.com                            1999-08
#    [Dave_Cheriton]                       Dave Cheriton                       mailto:cheriton&pescadero.stanford.edu
#    [Dave_Presotto]                       Dave Presotto                       mailto:presotto&plan9.att.com                   1995-07
#    [David_Clark]                         David Clark                         mailto:ddc&lcs.mit.edu
#    [David_Mills]                         David Mills                         mailto:Mills&huey.udel.edu
#    [Deborah_Estrin]                      Deborah Estrin                      mailto:estrin&usc.edu
#    [Dino_Farinacci]                      Dino Farinacci                      mailto:dino&cisco.com                           1996-03
#    [Dirk_Fromhein]                       Dirk Fromhein                       mailto:df&watershed.com
#    [Gene_Tsudik]                         Gene Tsudik                         mailto:tsudik&usc.edu
#    [Greg_Chesson]                        Greg Chesson                        mailto:Greg&sgi.com
#    [Guenther_Schreiner]                  Guenther Schreiner                  mailto:snmp-admin&ira.uka.de
#    [Guillermo_A_Loyola]                  Guillermo A. Loyola                 mailto:LOYOLA&ibm.com
#    [Hans_Werner_Braun]                   Hans-Werner Braun                   mailto:HWB&mcr.umich.edu
#    [Harry_Forsdick]                      Harry Forsdick                      mailto:Forsdick&bbn.com
#    [Howard_Hart]                         Howard Hart                         mailto:hch&hybrid.com
#    [Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority] Internet Assigned Numbers Authority mailto:iana&iana.org                            1995-06
#    [J_Noel_Chiappa]                      J. Noel Chiappa                     mailto:JNC&xx.lcs.mit.edu
#    [Jack_Haverty]                        Jack Haverty                        mailto:jhaverty&oracle.com
#    [Jean_Michel_Pittet]                  Jean-Michel Pittet                  mailto:jmp&gandalf.engr.sgi.com                 1998-11
#    [Jim_Stevens]                         Jim Stevens                         mailto:jasteven&rockwellcollins.com             2011-01-26
#    [John_Ioannidis]                      John Ioannidis                      mailto:ji&tla.org                               2015-01-06
#    [John_Moy]                            John Moy                            mailto:jmoy&proteon.com
#    [John_Murphy]                         John Murphy                         mailto:john.m.murphy&mci.com                    1998-10
#    [John_Worley]                         John Worley                         mailto:worley&milehigh.net                      1998-06
#    [Jon_Crowcroft]                       Jon Crowcroft                       mailto:jon&cs.ucl.ac.uk                         1999-06
#    [Jon_Postel]                          Jon Postel                          mailto:postel&isi.edu
#    [K_Robert_Glenn]                      K. Robert Glenn                     mailto:glenn&osi.ncsl.nist.gov
#    [Kurt_Waber]                          Kurt Waber                          mailto:kurt.waber&swisscom.com                  1999-08
#    [Leif_Ekblad]                         Leif Ekblad                         mailto:leif&rdos.net                            2012-08-21
#    [Manickam_R_Sridhar]                  Manickam R. Sridhar                 mailto:msridhar&sitaranetworks.com              1997-09
#    [Mark_Hamilton]                       Mark Hamilton                       mailto:mah&spectralink.com                      1998-11
#    [Marshall_T_Rose]                     Marshall T. Rose                    mailto:mrose&dbc.mtview.ca.us
#    [Martha_Steenstrup]                   Martha Steenstrup                   mailto:MSteenst&bbn.com
#    [Michael_Greenwald]                   Michael Greenwald                   mailto:Greenwald&scrc-stony-brook.symbolics.com
#    [Michael_Hunter]                      Michael Hunter                      mailto:mphunter&qnx.com                         1997-07
#    [Michael_Welzl]                       Michael Welzl                       mailto:michael&tk.uni-linz.ac.at                1999-08
#    [Mike_Little]                         Mike Little                         mailto:little&macom4.arpa
#    [Murali_Rajagopal]                    Murali Rajagopal                    mailto:murali&gadzoox.com                       2000-05
#    [Nancy_Feldman]                       Nancy Feldman                       mailto:nkf&vnet.ibm.com                         1997-01
#    [Peter_Lothberg]                      Peter Lothberg                      mailto:roll&stupi.se                            1999-03
#    [Randall_R_Stewart]                   Randall R. Stewart                  mailto:rrs&lakerest.net                         2000-04
#    [Robert_Durst]                        Robert Durst                        mailto:durst&mitre.org                          1997-03
#    [Robert_Sautter]                      Robert Sautter                      mailto:rsautter&acdnj.itt.com                   1999-08
#    [Robert_W_Scheifler]                  Robert W. Scheifler                 mailto:rscheifler&comcast.net                   2015-10-06
#    [Robert_Woodburn]                     Robert Woodburn                     mailto:woody&cseic.saic.com
#    [Ross_Callon]                         Ross Callon                         mailto:rcallon&baynetworks.com                  1995-12
#    [Steve_Casner]                        Steve Casner                        mailto:casner&isi.edu
#    [Steve_Chipman]                       Steve Chipman                       mailto:Chipman&f.bbn.com
#    [Steve_Deering]                       Steve Deering                       mailto:deering&parc.xerox.com                   1995-03
#    [Steven_Blumenthal]                   Steven Blumenthal                   mailto:BLUMENTHAL&vax.bbn.com
#    [Stuart_A_Friedberg]                  Stuart A. Friedberg                 mailto:stuart&cs.wisc.edu
#    [Sue_Hares]                           Sue Hares                           mailto:skh&merit.edu
#    [Susie_Armstrong]                     Susie Armstrong                     mailto:Armstrong.wbst128&xerox.com
#    [Tom_Markson]                         Tom Markson                         mailto:markson&osmosys.ingog.com                1995-09
#    [Tony_Ballardie]                      Tony Ballardie                      mailto:A.Ballardie&cs.ucl.ac.uk
#    [Tony_Li]                             Tony Li                             mailto:tony.li&tony.li                          2012-10-17
#    [Tony_Przygienda]                     Tony Przygienda                     mailto:prz&siara.com                            1999-08
#    [Tony_Speakman]                       Tony Speakman                       mailto:speakman&cisco.com                       1998-01
#    [Trudy_Miller]                        Trudy Miller                        mailto:Trudy&acc.com
#    [Victor_Volpe]                        Victor Volpe                        mailto:vvolpe&smtp.microcom.com                 1997-10
#    [Wesley_Craig]                        Wesley Craig                        mailto:Wesley.Craig&terminator.cc.umich.edu
#    [William_Melohn]                      William Melohn                      mailto:Melohn&sun.com
#    [Zaw_Sing_Su]                         Zaw-Sing Su                         mailto:ZSu&tsca.istc.sri.
